Life, Death, And Homelessness - 1317 Words

Life, Death, and Homelessness Envision feeling lost and not knowing what to do or where to go. You spend every night in the chilly weather on a seat, which you call your bed. As you wake up to the prattling clamors every morning you choose which open spot will permit you to tidy yourself up. When you get hungry, you ask individuals for change to eat or you seek the closest trash can. For whatever remains of the day, you sit in the city trusting individuals will see you and will want to assist. Realizing that you are not judged by who you are but rather what you will be, you understand that the majority of people in public don t necessarily understand homelessness, and it would be a miracle if the circumstances in homelessness ever change. Often you find them huddled on a seat or in an entryway under unwashed covers or worn out coats. These individuals are called homeless, in spite of the fact that they are more than just simply individuals without homes. According to Arthur Gilliard, in Homelessness, he states, â€Å"A homeless person is someone who is unstable to secure and maintain a permanent, safe, and adequate dwelling. Homelessness is the condition of being homeless, and it represents a broad social category of people who are, for any number of reasons, left without a place to call their own.†(Gilliard 9) Homelessness could walk in our community and you would not even know it. According to Timothy Pina, a writer from the book called Hearts for Haiti: Book of Poetry Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Challenges and Effects of Being Homelessness1599 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness affects families ways of living. Many within the country are faced with the challenges of homelessness. They have to suffer from many challenges physically and mentally. It affects the whole family from before they were born until the day they die. Homelessness affects their jobs and education also. Homelessness has a big impact on their life. Homelessness affects a vast number of people. In the United States over 100 million people are homeless (Stearman 9). In fact, between 600,000Read MoreHomeless Today : Young Adults, Adolescents And Their Families1531 Words   |  7 Pagesyears the amount of homeless individuals has continuously decreased throughout the country. Homelessness in America is a serious problem, especially with higher rates in unemployment happening. Americans are unable to support themselves and with lack of family support, resources and abilities this is leading to homelessness. â€Å"On a single night in January 2013, 610,042 people were experiencing homelessness† (Endhomelessness.org, 2014), which has decreased significantly since 2005 in which the numberRead MoreHomelessness Is a Rapidly Growing Problem Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesToday homelessness is a problem in America and always has been an issue. In the United States homelessness has been documented since 1640 and has been growing rapidly since then. There are nearly 630,000 people that are homeless, that is about the size of Boston! Some people or families that become homeless are due to natural disasters such as tornados, hurricanes, and other related disasters. Some people or families also become homeless due to a loss of a family member, house fires, or gettingRead MoreNo Place to Go Essays1389 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is viewed as a social problem of our society because people consider it to be an undesirable condition. It’s something that most people don’t want to see or think about. Our communities share a social responsibility to find ways to eradicate homelessness. The article, Helping the homeless get off the streets, takes the functionalist approach to eradicating homelessness, in addition to this approach; the Symbolic Internationalist Perspective would be a beneficial addition to the solutionRead MoreThe Problem Of Homeless People810 Words   |  4 PagesIn today s falling economy, homelessness is something seen on every street-corner of the big cities. Begging for money isn t uncommon, and the more that stocks fall and the more money we spend on this war, the likelihood of an American of any income class becoming homeless grows within every passing day. Although the problems of homeless individuals, who struggle in the real world with nothing, the government should intervene within the population of homeless people because within every passingRead MoreHomeless Of New York City And Socio Economic Impact1519 Words   |  7 Pages100 sleep in the streets during winter. (Bowery). By looking at the sociological impact of homelessness, I will argue that New York city’s greatest problem is homelessness. Two factors intensify poverty, which lead to homelessness: high unemployment rates and a decline in available public assistance, Individuals and families who live at or are below the poverty level must constantly grapple with critical life decisions because of barely being able to pay the bills per Kim. When people cannot steadilyRead More Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay829 Words   |  4 PagesHomelessness is a problem virtually every society suffers from. There are many things that cause people to become homeless, such as unemployment, relationship problems, and being evicted from ones domicile either by a landlord, friend or even a family member. However, with every cause there must be an effect. Some of the effects of one becoming homeless, besides the obvious change of lifestyle, are various health problems which often times may lead to death. Many people find themselves inRead MoreThe World s Richest And Poorest Countries881 Words   |  4 Pagesresidents without homes. Health centers funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services define homelessness as â€Å"an individual who lacks housing, including an individual whose primary residence during the night is a supervised public or private facility that provides temporary living accommodations, and an individual who is a resident in transitional housing†. Families affected by homelessness in America can be the results of several unexpected circumstances, such as; social inequality, life’sRead MoreThe Effects of Homelessness on Children1654 Words   |  7 Pagesto have had a life riddled with traumatic experiences like physical and mental abuse and drug use. Homelessness gained public attention in the late 1970s because homelessness became more visible when it began to include women and children. Today homelessness can be linked to various other problems. It is estimated that 200,000 thousand Canadians have lived in or used the services of a homeless shelter. On any given night, as many as 30,000 thousand Canadians experience homelessness and as many asRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless Population, Origins And Consequences Of Homelessness1373 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness Some background information on the prevalence of and risk factors for the homeless population, origins and consequences of homelessness, prevention and treatment strategies, and other considerations will be presented. The definition of homelessness may cover a broad range of individuals, including those physically deprived of a home and housed persons unwilling to remain in their homes (Ravenhill 6). Some researchers conceptualize homelessness as â€Å"alienation from the rest of the society

Understanding Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Free Essays

Joshua Harris Althea Johns Organizational Behavior October 21, 2012 Understanding Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Citizenship, most don’t normally associate this term with an organization like a business. Many would think of the word citizenship in terms of the country that you may live in. Some may even think of it more broadly then that. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Organizational Citizenship Behaviors or any similar topic only for you Order Now As in we are all citizens of this planet. But what is the opposite? Are there smaller citizenship classifications, and are they as important? Particularly, what about citizenship at your place of employment? What does organizational citizenship behavior mean to a company? Can it affect things like job satisfaction, efficiency, productivity, and customer satisfaction? Research suggests that there is a â€Å"moderately positive correlation† between job function and organizational citizenship behavior. [ (Kinicki) ] This paper will examine real examples of OCB, explain how organizations can influence OCB, and which pitfalls to watch out for. (Kinicki) Organ defined organizational citizenship behaviors as, â€Å"Individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization. By discretionary, we mean that the behavior is not an enforceable requirement of the role or the job description, that is, the clearly specifiable terms of the person’s employment contract with the organization; the behavior is rather a matter of personal choice, such that its omission is not generally understood as punishable. † (Organ) Literature in this subject has been almost non-existent prior the early 1980’s, but has increased in popularity ever since. Its these â€Å"discretionary† behaviors that according to Brooker, â€Å"Our esprit de corps is the core of our success. That’s the most difficult thing for a competitor to imitate. They can buy all the physical things. The thing you can’t buy is dedication, devotion, and loyalty. † (Brooker) Its this loyalty that convinced Herb Kelleher, from Booker’s article tiled â€Å"Can anyone replace Herb? â€Å" to argue â€Å"that employee citizenship is the single biggest reason for the company’s success. † However this was hard to prove with hard evidence until late 1990’s. (Brooker) In Bolino and Turnley’s 2003 article â€Å"Going the Extra Mile: Cultivating and managing Employee Citizenship Behavior† which appeared in Academy of Management Executive, they describe factors that can promote good OCB. It is the authors’ opinion that the most important being job satisfaction. (Turnley) Bolino amp; Turnley conclude from their analyst of several studies, that if an employee is happy, they will provide a positive organizational citizenship behavior. The article also covered other factors such as trust, job interest and involvement, organizational support, and Employee Characteristics. It is with these factors that researches use to try to come up with predictors. Perhaps one of the best predictors happens in what Bolino and Turnley calls the â€Å"recruitment amp; selection† process. Turnley)They provide three main ways in which human resource managers can help achieve this. The first is to look for causes that applicants are committed to. For examples, college graduates that have a lot of extra curricular activities or a professional with volunteer services. Another predictor in determining positive OCB would be to provide situational questions to the interviewee. (Turn ley)This is one tool that Smucker’s uses to gage their employee’s. The last tool the article provides is personality trait questions. This is somewhat similar to situational interviews, but they are geared to the person and not a specific situation. The next natural step in influencing organizational citizenship behavior is during training. It is during training that an organization may have the best chance at eliciting citizenship behaviors. However, Bolino amp; Turnley, describe how this is usually the opposite of what organizations do, due to their emphasis on individual achievements. One way an organization can help influence positive OCB is to sponsor training programs that focus on cooperation and taking initiative. But probably the best would be to develop a training program that is used to improve relationships among coworkers and/or supervisors and subordinates. Bolino’s article gave an example of this at Southwest Airlines when works were cross-trained on other positions. This allowed employees to gain experience in other area, but also appreciate and help out when they could. Also a study showed that supervisors that have had training in organizational justice principles also benefit from higher levels of OCB. In the last direct way organizations can influence OCB is in compensation. Bolino’s article concluded that employees are more likely to engage in behaviors that are rewarded. An example of this is Asada, the British subsidiary of Wal-Mart, gives awards to employees who go â€Å"above and beyond†. CitiGroup does something similar. It is called â€Å"Galaxy of Thanks†. Employees can thank other employees for going above and beyond. If an employee reaches so many, that employee gets special recognition by the company and can win rewards. (Young) Bolino’s article also pointed to group or organizational level compensation fosters positive OCB. But, there can be many pitfalls for compensating for OCB. Some more informal ways of promoting positive OCB would include developing a culture in the organization that is conducive for positive OCB. Having managers and supervisors living by the same standard and by having an organization act in a deserving way. As you can tell there are many ways that organizations can influence their potential positive organizational citizenship behavior. But, there are some pitfalls to be aware of. While there are potentially several pitfalls, all seem easily manageable. Bolino places pitfalls in three categories: Impression Management, Costs, and Escalating. Impression Management, is noted in another article by Bolino as, â€Å"Several organizational behavior scholars have noted that individuals may engage in organizational citizenship behaviors not because they are concerned about the organization’s welfare but because such activities may cause others (especially their supervisors) to look favorably upon them† (Bolino) The pitfall here comes when rewarding this type of â€Å"Impression Management† behavior, which can put a strain on morale. (Turnley)Managers should watch for this type of motivation during citizenship assessments and be sure not to reward this type of behavior. If this behavior is rewarded the costs could certainly outweigh any potential gains. Another potential downside to positive OCB happens when employees become lax on their main job functions. Many don’t think helping another co-worker could potentially be a downfall, but that is exactly what Sprint, Xerox, and Ford found out in a Wall Street Journal study. Employees would help co-workers with computer issues and it was estimated to have cost the companies upwards of $15,000 per computer. It is thought that hiring more support personal would have been significantly less expensive, and with better quality of support. Bulkeley)The last area of pitfalls is a concept of Escalating Citizenship. You can think of this concept like inflation. Today a dollar will buy you much less than fifty or so years ago and escalating citizenship is something that manager must watch out for. If the bar for above and beyond is constantly moved higher and higher it can be catastrophic for an organizati on including high levels of job dissatisfaction, high turnover, and high stress. It is the author’s opinion that the evidence is overwhelming that positive organizational behavior can greatly influence or be the â€Å"single biggest reason for the company’s success†. Brooker)In this essay we have examined why organizational citizenship is important to an organization. We also took a look at what organizations can do to positively impact OCB. Finally we examined some downsides of OCB and provided some way managers can navigate around them. Organizational citizenship behavior can be a very good thing, when done correctly. Bibliography Bolino. â€Å"Citizenship and impression managment: Good soliders or good actors. † Academy of Managment Review 24. 1 (n. d. ): 82-88. Brooker, K. â€Å"Can anyone replace Herb? † 2000. Fourtune. 19 Oct 2012 lt;http://money. nn. com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2000/04/17/278112/index. htmgt;. Bulkeley, W. M. †Å"Study finds hidden costs of computing. † The Wall Street Journal (1992). Kinicki, Angelo. Managment: a practical introduction 5E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Organ, D. W. Organizatioal citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington: Lexington Books, n. d. Turnley. â€Å"Going The Extra Mile: Cultivating and managing employee citizenship behavior. † Academy of Managment Executives 17. 3 (2003): 60-71. Young, Joseph P. Interview. Joshua Harris. 19 October 2012. How to cite Understanding Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, Papers

HIV/AIDS Prevention Among Adolescents in South Afr Essay Example For Students

HIV/AIDS Prevention Among Adolescents in South Afr Essay ica Policy Brief: HIV/AIDS Prevention Among Adolescents in South Afr Essayica Heterosexual intercourse among adolescents is the primary method of HIV transmission in South Africa, with the majority of new infections occurring in the 21 25 year age group. An HIV-prevention campaign promoting abstinence among young people would seem to be an effective barrier to further infections. However, a policy promoting abstinence approaches the problem only superficially, and would not take into account all of the factors driving adolescents to engage in sexual relations, specifically unprotected sex, in the first place. Abstinence is not a viable method of HIV/AIDS prevention within the social, political, and economic context of South Africa. A more appropriate strategy would be a comprehensive program aimed at the de-stigmatization and prevention of the disease. A campaign promoting the use of condoms in all sexual encounters, backed by education and the expansion of HIV care and prevention services, and accompanied by policies addressing destructive economic conditions and gender inequality would be the most effective strategy. Countries such as Uganda and Senegal have had success when taking a direct approach to HIV prevention, we should follow their example and confront the epidemic on the terms on which it is striking our populace through the unfettered, unprotected, and unhealthy sexual practices of our youth. Education is of primary importance in the war against HIV/AIDS. It is the most efficient preventative weapon in our arsenal. Most young adults are at risk because they lack the most basic information on HIV and how to protect themselves from infection. There is confusion about methods of transmission, cultural myths about the diseases curability, and, perhaps most damaging, skewed perceptions of self-risk. In addition, there are high levels of denial of HIVs prevalence in communities that have yet to experience AIDS-related deaths. This results in adolescents convincing themselves that they can filter out dangerous partners through appearance or reputation. AIDS is externalized as a disease striking only at the margins of society, and is not seen as sufficient enough of a threat to change ones risky sexual behavior. HIV/AIDS education should be a community-wide occurrence. Scare tactics should be used to depict HIV in a realistic manner as a disease incorporated into every community that can and will infect you if you do not take the correct precautions. Limiting education to the schools keeps HIV/AIDS as a medicinal, sterile topic, and disassociates parents who are unwilling or unable to talk to their children about issues of a sexual nature. Bringing HIV/AIDS out into the open with posters and television and radio spots, possibly with the endorsement of sports figures or community leaders would make HIV and sex in general more acceptable, comfortable subjects. In order for individuals to change their behavior they need not only basic knowledge of HIV and their own personal risk of infection, they must perceive their environment as being supportive of safe behaviors. The more that adolescent sex and HIV, and the prevention of HIV through the use of condoms are aired on the public wavelength, the less stigmatized they will become. There is an association of condoms with people already infected with STDs or HIV, with women who sleep around, with untrustworthiness and a lack of pleasure. Education about condoms needs to be tied directly to prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS, which are at 43.1% among 21-25 year olds in some areas. Peer pressure can be manipulated by using well-liked, respected peers to convince others of the intelligence and normalcy of HIV-preventing behavior. Counseling of individuals and couples together is important in initiating the use of condoms, which is why community-wide education is imperative. For women especially, abstinence is not a socially or financially acceptable option, but neither do women have much control over alternative ways to protect themselves from infection. Girls involvement in premarital sex is often an attempt to provide for basic needs, school fees, and luxuries or to find a husband. Sugar daddies represent a definitive threat, as the power imbalance between a school girl and a wealthy, older, sexually experienced (and thus with a higher probability of being infected with HIV) man, who presents an opportunity improve ones socioeconomic status, is especially dangerous. Masculine sexuality is .